Vergangene Anlässe (CHNT)

Plutarch, the New Testament, and Early Christian Literature (SBL 2016)

As the last session of a three-year series devoted to Plutarch and the New Testament (see below), this year's session pursues the question of how Plutarch's religious re-reading of Plato shaped the way in which early Christian writers combined the message of the New Testament with Platonic ideas.

Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti
1:00 PM to 3:30 PM
11/19/2016

See more at: Society of Biblical Literature

Rainer Hirsch-Luipold, Universität Bern - Université de Berne, Presiding

Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta, University of Groningen Plutarch, Clement of Alexandria, and the Reception of Plato’s Theology (25 min)

As it is well known the central statement of Plato’s theology that God is “Father and Creator” (Timaeus 28C) was interpreted differently in late antiquity. If according to some both aspects referred to one and the same deity (e.g. Philo); others tended to establish a sharper distinction between them and attributed both to different deities. At a middle point between both positions Plutarch’s theology tends to distinguish bio- and technomorphic aspects of creation and attributes them to different (though not quite) divine persons, namely God and the World Soul. Despite his alleged dependence from Philo, Clement of Alexandria also tends to differentiate both aspects in a way that brings him close to Plutarch’s reception of Plato’s motto. After delving into Plutarch’s and Clement’s theology, this paper will analyze their reception of Plato’s Timaeus in order, first, to establish similarities and differences, then to analyze how it fits in their own theological frameworks and, finally, to determine whether we can affirm Clement reception depends on Plutarch’s reception of Plato.

M. David Litwa, College of William & Mary
Plutarch in the Refutation of All Heresies (25 min)

This paper explores the thought of Plutarch in the Refutation of All Heresies (sometimes attributed to Hippolytus of Rome). Covered topics include: (1) Plutarch's platonic reading of Empedocles compared with Marcion and (2) Plutarch's report on an Attic mystery cult compared with the Gnostic Christian group named "Sethian" in antiquity.

Ilinca Tanaseanu-Doebler, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
The Concept of Logos in Plutarch's De Iside and early Neoplatonism (25 min)

The paper will analyse and compare the concepts of logos in Plutarch's De Iside and selected texts of Plotinus, Amelius and Porphyry against the background of emerging Christianity.

Horacio Vela, University of the Incarnate Word
Allegory and Ritual in Plutarch and the Acts of John (25 min)

Plutarch and the Acts of John share some common features with respect to their approach to liturgy and the interpretation of sacred stories and religious traditions. This paper draws connections between Plutarch’s allegorical interpretation of stories of the gods and the Acts of John’s approach to the polymorphic, “docetic” Christ. Plutarch, though he rejected some forms of allegorical interpretation, nevertheless commended the philosophical and liturgical celebration of the myths of the gods rather than their literal interpretation. In De Iside et Osiride 11 Plutarch writes, “Therefore, Clea, whenever you hear the traditional tales which the Egyptians tell about the gods, their wanderings, dismemberments, and many experiences of this sort, you must remember what has been already said, and you must not think that any of these tales actually happened in the manner in which they are related.” Instead of understanding the stories of the sufferings and stories of the gods in a literal sense, Plutarch recommends the reverent and philosophical interpretation of the stories and rituals. It is through the proper celebration of the cult and knowledge of the sacred stories that one truly understands the divine and avoids superstition. Plutarch, like Philo of Alexandria and the author of the Derveni Papyrus, stands in the tradition of allegorical interpretation of sacred stories and rites. A similar move can be found in the apocryphal Acts of John. Here we find Jesus—the real Jesus—speaking to the apostle John during the crucifixion scene. Jesus tells the beloved disciple, “You hear that I suffered, yet I suffered not.” (AJ 101). Echoing Plutarch, Jesus tells John, “So then I have suffered none of those things which they will say of me; even that suffering which I showed to you and to the rest in my dance, I will that it be called a mystery.” As in Plutarch, the denial of the suffering of Jesus (often deemed “docetism”) is reinforced through a liturgical practice. This paper suggests that the polymorphism and docetism of the Acts of Johns, so often understood within a heresiological context, ultimately derives from ancient allegorical practices. The phenomenon of polymorphism (or metamorphosis) of the body of Jesus in AJ testifies not simply to “docetism” in a doctrinal sense but rather to the fundamental reality of the Word itself above and beyond the temporal, physical body of Jesus. For the Acts of John, the allegorical stories of the unstable, polymorphic body of the earthly Jesus reinforce the ultimate reality and deeper meaning of the Word celebrated in ritual.

Seth M. Ehorn, Wheaton College
The Art of Misquotation in the Writings of Plutarch: Three Test Cases (25 min)

Study of the NT’s use of the OT has generally and, rightly, proceeded by comparing how Jewish authors interpret the same and similar texts and, more generally, how they handle the wording of their sources. While a few important studies have begun to explore a wider range of authors (e.g., Stanley, Paul and the Language of Scripture), a neglected aspect of current research is how Greek and Roman authors approach quotation and, in particular, how these authors alter their sources in the act of quotation. Building upon my prior work on Plutarch’s citation technique (see “Composite Citations in Plutarch” in Composite Citations in Antiquity, eds. Sean A. Adams and Seth M. Ehorn [London: Bloomsbury, 2016], pp. 35-56), this paper considers three test cases (Mor. 15c; 502c; Dem. 14.3) where alterations are evident and where Plutarch’s own comments (either on methodology or on the citation itself) shed light upon his alterations. In the final section of the paper, I suggest how evidence from Plutarch might prove useful for NT studies. In particular, I argue that Greek and Roman authors (here represented by three cases from Plutarch) provide a wealth of information for understanding the mechanics of how ancient authors quote (and “misquote”) their sources when making an argument.

Discussion (25 min)

2016: Sommerwerkstatt «Plutarchs Griechen und Römer im Gespräch»

Ratio Religionis / EDRIS – Sommerwerkstatt, 30. August – 1. September 2016

For more information see: RatioReligionis

Plutarch and the New Testament Revisited (SBL 2014)

This session was the opening to a planned series of sessions on Plutarch and the New Testament that will run for the years 2014–2016.

George Parsenios, Princeton Theological Seminary, Presiding

Rainer Hirsch-Luipold, Universität Bern - Université de Berne
Plutarch and the New Testament – History, Challenges, and Perspectives (30 min)

Since the groundbreaking project on "Plutarch’s Writings and Early Christian Literature" initiated by H.D. Betz 40 years ago, the discussion on the use of "parallels" to the New Testament has changed considerably. While efforts to bridge the "Hellenism-Judaism" divide have been made, studies on Hellenistic and early imperial philosophy led to renewed reflection on the validity of the "religion-philosophy" divide. Since the publication of Athanassiadi and Frede’s volume of collected essays in 1999, a fervent dispute about the existence of a "Pagan monotheism" has emerged. Plutarch, the Platonist philosopher and priest of Apollo at Delphi, is a central figure in all these discussions. He seems to be particularly close to the more philosophical writings of the New Testament in many respects (genre, ethics, figurative language, theology, views on women, love, marriage etc.). Already his enormous reception history within Christianity signals that this author was thought to be more than a mere parallel – he appeared at times as a kind of a pagan Greek "Church father," similar to Seneca in the Latin West. Since the 1970s, the study of Plutarch’s voluminous works has boomed with major developments in the analysis of his literary and philosophical technique as well as of his hermeneutics of religious traditions and the importance of theological reflections for Plutarch's philosophical mind-set. After a short retrospect, this paper will point to some challenging methodological issues when reading Plutarch in the context of New Testament studies. Further, it will present Plutarch as a deeply religious philosopher and identify areas of special promise for comparison with the New Testament and conclude with some reflections on ways ahead.

David E. Aune, University of Notre Dame
Why Compare Plutarch and the New Testament? Some Possibilities and Problems (30 min)

This essay surveys some of the major issues involved in using texts from the corpus of Plutarch’s works to shed light on the New Testament and other early Christian literature. Despite the fact that a central preoccupation of scholars concerned with the historical, social, cultural, and linguistic contexts of the New Testament is to search for relevant parallels in ancient literature, the theory and method involved in making such comparisons requires careful discussion and clarification. One major advantage for investigating Plutarch’s corpus is the fact that the author lived from ca. 50-120 CE, the period when nearly all the books of the New Testament were written. Some of the more obvious problems involved in making such comparisons include: (1) the relative unity of Plutarch’s writings compared with diversity, multiple authorship, and geographical spread of early Christian literature; (2) Plutarch as a member of the literary culture of the upper class writes in a high linguistic register (Hochliteratur), compared with the generally lower class origins of most early Christian authors who wrote in a correspondingly lower linguistic register (Kleinliteratur); (3) the tendency among some New Testament scholars to cherry pick parallels between Plutarch and early Christian literature, disregarding the contextual integrity and structure of Plutarch’s thought; and (4) the even more widespread tendency for readers who use such collections of parallels with little knowledge of Plutarch’s works to study such collections of parallels only in excerpt form. Another important issue is the format chosen for presenting literary parallels, i.e., they can be listed in the order in which they occur in the New Testament with little or no comment or explanation (as in the enormous collections of parallels assembled by J. J. Wettstein, Paul Billerbeck), and the Neuer Wettstein), making it easier to misuse them or they can be presented and interpreted in a more explanatory and discursive form providing more guidance in how they should be understood.

Frederick E. Brenk, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome
Plutarch’s Monotheism and the New Testament (30 min)

Perhaps, a more natural comparison would be between Plutarch’s monotheism and that of the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, rather than that of the New Testament. Presumably, many of those attracted to Judaism, Theosebeis, would have been coming from religious Platonism, especially in a monotheistic form. On a number of points, however, Plutarch’s monotheism fits with the New Testament concept, even granting certain essential differences. These are the beliefs: 1. belief in a Middle Platonic God who alone has the fullness of being and good (thus equated with the Platonic Form of the Good and Beautiful) and living in instantaneous eternity; 2. belief in the literal interpretation of creation in the Timaios and in God’s providential oversight over the world; 3. the possibility of divine filiation; 4. that certain gods of popular religion vaguely reflect the supreme Middle Platonic God, such as Apollo (The E at Delphi) and less explicitly, Osiris (On Isis and Osiris); 5. belief in a god who undergoes suffering and death, is resuscitated, and ascends to reign in heaven as in the case of Osiris.

Luc Van der Stockt, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
'Don’t waste old filing cards!' Plutarch’s Technique of Hypomnematic Composition (30 min)

After some preliminary remarks on “classical hermeneutics, intertextuality, and the philological method,” I interpret Plutarch’s "hypomnemata-statement" in De tranquillitate animi 464E: “From the notes I took on my own behalf, I picked up and gathered what is relevant for the theme of tranquillity of mind.” I will illustrate how "clusters of parallels" can put us on the track of those notes. As personal meditations, they were Plutarch’s own construction and, so to speak, the quasi literary deposit of his own train of thought. The interpretation succeeds in explaining the many instances of repetition in Plutarch’s immense œuvre (imitatio sui), and in explaining how Plutarch recycles the (literary and philosophical) tradition (Quellen) in his construction of personal philosophical and religious themes through the use of his hypomnemata. This hypomnematic technique of composition may offer New Testament scholars a new perspective on the creative ways of using traditional material in the late 1st cent. AD. As an illustration I will briefly present the hypomnema on “music as a way to the divine” (De superstitione, § 5=Quaest. Conv. IX, 14=Suav. viv. Epic., § 13-14).

Hans Dieter Betz, University of Chicago, Respondent (30 min)